# Estimating the Relative Speed of RF Jammers in VANETs

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a sensorless, passive algorithm to estimate the relative speed of RF jammers in VANETs using Doppler shift, enhancing detection of DoS attacks without additional hardware.

## Contribution

The novel RSEA algorithm estimates jammer speed and position using RF signals alone, without hardware or computational costs, improving jamming detection in VANETs.

## Key findings

- Achieves approximately 10% MAE in speed estimation.
- Effective for both known and unknown jamming signals.
- Provides a two-dimensional geographical representation of jammer location.

## Abstract

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) aim at enhancing road safety and providing a comfortable driving environment by delivering early warning and infotainment messages to the drivers. Jamming attacks, however, pose a significant threat to their performance. In this paper, we propose a novel Relative Speed Estimation Algorithm (RSEA) of a moving interfering vehicle that approaches a Transmitter ($Tx$) - Receiver ($Rx$) pair, that interferes with their Radio Frequency (RF) communication by conducting a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Our scheme is completely sensorless and passive and uses a pilot-based received signal without hardware or computational cost in order to, firstly, estimate the combined channel between the transmitter - receiver and jammer - receiver and secondly, to estimate the jamming signal and the relative speed between the jammer - receiver using the RF Doppler shift. Moreover, the relative speed metric exploits the Angle of Projection (AOP) of the speed vector of the jammer in the axis of its motion in order to form a two-dimensional representation of the geographical area. This approach can effectively be applied both for a jamming signal completely unknown to the receiver and for a jamming signal partly known to the receiver. Our speed estimator method is proven to have quite accurate performance, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) value of approximately $10\%$ compared to the optimal zero MAE value under different jamming attack scenarios.