# Sundials/ML: Connecting OCaml to the Sundials Numeric Solvers

## TL;DR

This paper presents a safe and efficient OCaml interface to the Sundials numeric solvers, enabling easier application development with minimal performance overhead.

## Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive OCaml binding to Sundials, addressing data sharing, multiple solver implementations, and error handling with novel techniques.

## Key findings

- OCaml interface incurs less than 50% slowdown compared to C
- The interface supports multiple solver implementations seamlessly
- Memory safety and data sharing are effectively managed

## Abstract

This paper describes the design and implementation of a comprehensive OCaml interface to the Sundials library of numeric solvers for ordinary differential equations, differential algebraic equations, and non-linear equations. The interface provides a convenient and memory-safe alternative to using Sundials directly from C and facilitates application development by integrating with higher-level language features, like garbage-collected memory management, algebraic data types, and exceptions. Our benchmark results suggest that the interface overhead is acceptable: the standard examples are rarely twice as slow in OCaml than in C, and often less than 50% slower. The challenges in interfacing with Sundials are to efficiently and safely share data structures between OCaml and C, to support multiple implementations of vector operations and linear solvers through a common interface, and to manage calls and error signalling to and from OCaml. We explain how we overcame these difficulties using a combination of standard techniques such as phantom types and polymorphic variants, and carefully crafted data representations.