# Evaluation of Kinetic Ballooning Instability in the Near-Earth Magnetotail

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the kinetic ballooning mode's stability in the near-Earth magnetotail, revealing how factors like ion gyroradius and current sheet thinning influence its growth rate and potential to trigger substorms.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analytical examination of the kinetic ballooning mode's stability in a realistic magnetotail configuration, incorporating kinetic effects and broad parameter ranges.

## Key findings

- KBM is unstable within a specific range of equatorial β values.
- Growth rate depends strongly on ion gyroradius and field line stiffening.
- Current sheet thinning enhances KBM growth and instability regime.

## Abstract

Ballooning instabilities are widely believed to be a possible triggering mechanism for the onset of substorm and current disruption initiation in the near-Earth magnetotail. Yet the stability of the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) in a global and realistic magnetotail configuration has not been well examined. In this paper, the growth rate of the KBM is calculated from analytical theory for the two-dimensional Voigt equilibrium within the framework of kinetic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The growth rate of the KBM is found to be strongly dependent on the field line stiffening factor $S$, which depends on the trapped electron dynamics, the finite ion gyroradius, and the magnetic drift motion of charged particles. Furthermore, calculations show that the KBM is unstable in a finite intermediate range of equatorial $\beta_{eq}$ values and the growth rate dependence on $\beta_{eq}$ is enhanced for larger $\rho_i$. The KBM stability is further analyzed in a broad range of $k_y$ for different values of ion Larmor radius $\rho_i$ and gradient ratio $\eta_j \equiv d\ln(T_j)/d\ln(n_j)$, where $T_j$ is the particle temperature and $n_j$ is the particle density. The KBM is found to be unstable for sufficiently high values of $k_y$, where the growth rate first increases to a maximum value and then decreases due to kinetic effects. The $k_y$ at the maximum growth rate decreases exponentially with $\rho_i$. The current sheet thinning is found to enhance the KBM growth rate and the unstable $\beta_{eq}$ regime in the near-Earth magnetotail.