The third family of neutrinos

TL;DR

This paper reviews the discovery and characterization of the tau neutrino ($ u_{ au}$) over 24 years, highlighting its identification, properties, and confirmation as the third active neutrino flavor.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive historical overview of the experimental confirmation of the tau neutrino as the third active neutrino flavor.

Findings

Confirmation of $ u_{ au}$ as a neutrino in 1979

Establishment of $ u_{ au}$ as the third neutrino in 1981-1986

Precise determination of $ u_{ au}$ properties before 2000

Abstract

This paper retraces the 24 years starting with the appearance of the symbol "$\nu_{\tau}$" in 1977, until the observation of tau neutrino interactions with matter in 2000. The fact that the neutral particle present in tau decays was a neutrino was demonstrated by 1979; its existence as the third neutrino $\nu_{\tau}$, iso-spin partner of the tau lepton, was definitely established in 1981-1986; it was demonstrated that the number of light active neutrinos is closed with the known ones ($\nu_e, \nu_{\mu},\nu_{\tau}$) in 1989; before 2000 the $\nu_{\tau}$ properties had been precisely determined in $e^+e^-$ and $p\bar{p}$ collider experiments.