# Dynamical Properties of the Mukhanov-Sasaki Hamiltonian in the context of adiabatic vacua and the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant

## TL;DR

This paper explores the dynamical properties of the Mukhanov-Sasaki Hamiltonian using the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant, examining initial states in inflationary cosmology and extending classical methods to quantum field theory.

## Contribution

It demonstrates the limitations of straightforward generalizations of classical invariants to quantum field theory and relates the Ermakov equation to adiabatic vacua construction.

## Key findings

- Generalization to Fock space often violates the Shale-Stinespring condition.
- The Ermakov equation solution directly yields adiabatic vacuum solutions.
- The analysis suggests a non-squeezed Bunch-Davies mode interpretation.

## Abstract

We use the method of the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant to analyze the dynamical properties of the Mukhanov-Sasaki Hamiltonian and, following this approach, investigate whether we can obtain possible candidates for initial states in the context of inflation considering a quasi-de Sitter spacetime. Our main interest lies in the question to which extent these already well-established methods at the classical and quantum level for finitely many degrees of freedom can be generalized to field theory. As our results show, a straightforward generalization does in general not lead to a unitary operator on Fock space that implements the corresponding time-dependent canonical transformation associated with the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant. The action of this operator can be rewritten as a time-dependent Bogoliubov transformation and we show that its generalization to Fock space has to be chosen appropriately in order that the Shale-Stinespring condition is not violated, where we also compare our results to already existing ones in the literature. Furthermore, our analysis relates the Ermakov differential equation that plays the role of an auxiliary equation, whose solution is necessary to construct the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant, as well as the corresponding time-dependent canonical transformation to the defining differential equation for adiabatic vacua. Therefore, a given solution of the Ermakov equation directly yields a full solution to the differential equation for adiabatic vacua involving no truncation at some adiabatic order. As a consequence, we can interpret our result obtained here as a kind of non-squeezed Bunch-Davies mode, where the term non-squeezed refers to a possible residual squeezing that can be involved in the unitary operator for certain choices of the Bogoliubov map.