# Noise-robust detection and tracking of salt domes in postmigrated volumes using texture, tensors, and subspace learning

## TL;DR

This paper presents noise-robust algorithms for detecting and tracking salt dome boundaries in seismic data, combining texture analysis, tensor-based subspace learning, and noise-adjusted PCA to improve accuracy and efficiency in noisy environments.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel combination of texture-based detection, tensor-based tracking, and noise-adjusted PCA for robust salt dome boundary identification in seismic volumes.

## Key findings

- Algorithms are effective in noisy seismic data
- Boundary tracking reduces parameter tuning
- Validated on offshore seismic datasets with encouraging results

## Abstract

The identification of salt dome boundaries in migrated seismic data volumes is important for locating petroleum reservoirs. The presence of noise in the data makes computer-aided salt dome interpretation even more challenging. In this paper, we develop noise-robust algorithms that can label boundaries of salt domes both effectively and efficiently. Our research is twofold. First, we utilize a texture-based gradient to accomplish salt dome detection. We show that by employing a dissimilarity measure based on two-dimensional (2D) discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the algorithm is capable of efficiently detecting salt dome boundaries with accuracy. At the same time, our analysis shows that the proposed algorithm is robust to noise. Once the detection is performed for an initial 2D seismic section, we propose to track the initial boundaries through the data volume to accomplish an efficient labeling process by avoiding parameters tuning that would have been necessary if detection had been performed for every seismic section. The tracking process involves a tensor-based subspace learning process, in which we build texture tensors using patches from different seismic sections. To accommodate noise components with various levels in a texture tensor, we employ noise-adjusted principal component analysis (NA-PCA), so that principal components corresponding to greater signal-to-noise ratio values may be selected for tracking. We validate our detection and tracking algorithms through experiments using seismic datasets acquired from Netherland offshore F3 block in the North Sea with very encouraging results.