A Guide for Material and Design Choices for Electro-Optic Modulators and recent 2D-Material Silicon Modulator Demonstrations

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in electro-optic modulators, emphasizing the integration of emerging 2D materials with silicon photonics to achieve more energy-efficient, compact, and high-performance devices for various optical applications.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of fundamental performance metrics and showcases recent experimental demonstrations of hetero-integrated 2D materials in silicon photonic modulators.

Findings

Heterogeneous integration of 2D materials improves modulator performance.

Demonstration of ITO-based MZM, graphene hybrid-plasmon, and TMD-MRR modulators.

Potential for energy-efficient, compact silicon photonic modulators.

Abstract

Electro-optic modulation performs a technological relevant functionality such as for communication, beam steering, or neuromorphic computing through providing the nonlinear activation function of a perceptron. Wile Silicon photonics enabled the integration and hence miniaturization of optoelectronic devices, the weak electro-optic performance of Silicon renders these modulators to be bulky and power-hungry compared to a single switch functionality known from electronics. To gain deeper insights into the physics and operation of modulators hetero-generous integration of emerging electro-optically active materials could enable separating light passive and low-loss light routing from active light manipulation. Here we discuss and review our recent work on a) fundamental performance vectors of electro-optic modulators, and b) showcase recent development of heterogeneous-integrated emerging EO materials into Si-photonics to include an ITO-based MZM, a Graphene hybrid-plasmon and the first TMD-MRR modulator using a microring resonator. Our results indicate a viable path for energy efficient and compact Silicon photonic based modulators.