# Electron states for gapped pseudospin-1 fermions in the field of charged impurity

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the electron bound states in a gapped pseudospin-1 fermion system within the $ ext{α-}{ ext{T}_3}$ lattice under Coulomb impurity potential, revealing how energy levels depend on impurity charge and lattice parameters.

## Contribution

It provides analytical solutions for bound state energies in the $ ext{α-}{ ext{T}_3}$ lattice with Coulomb impurities, highlighting differences between the dice and graphene limits.

## Key findings

- Bound states descend from continuum levels with increasing impurity charge.
- The flat band persists in potential wells but not in Coulomb potentials.
- Analytical solutions exist for discrete impurity charge values.

## Abstract

The electron states of gapped pseudospin-1 fermions of the $\alpha-{\cal T}_3$ lattice in the Coulomb field of a charged impurity are studied. The free $\alpha-{\cal T}_3$ model has three dispersive bands with two energy gaps between them depending on the parameter $\Theta$ which controls the coupling of atoms of honeycomb lattice with atoms in the center of each hexagon, thus, interpolating between graphene $\Theta=0$ and the dice model $\Theta=\pi/4$. The middle band becomes flat one with zero energy in the dice model. The bound electron states are found in the two cases: the centrally symmetric potential well and a regularized Coulomb potential of the charged impurity. As the charge of impurity increases, bound state energy levels descend from the upper and central continua and dive at certain critical charges into the central and lower continuum, respectively. In the dice model, it is found that the flat band survives in the presence of a potential well, however, is absent in the case of the Coulomb potential. The analytical results are presented for the energy levels near continuum boundaries in the potential well. For the genuine Coulomb potential, we present the recursion relations that determine the coefficients of the series expansion of wave functions of bound states. It is shown that the condition for the termination of the series expansion gives two equations relating energy and charge values. Hence, analytical solutions can exist for a countably infinite set of values of impurity charge at fixed $\Theta$.