# Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos from engine-driven supernovae

## TL;DR

This paper explores how engine-driven supernovae can accelerate nuclei to ultrahigh energies and produce detectable neutrinos, aligning with observed cosmic-ray spectra and offering predictions for future neutrino detection.

## Contribution

It presents a detailed model of UHECR acceleration and neutrino production in engine-driven supernovae, including spectra calculations and survival conditions, advancing understanding of their role as cosmic-ray sources.

## Key findings

- UHECR nuclei can reach energies of 10^{20}-10^{21} eV.
- Predicted neutrino fluxes are within detection capabilities of future observatories.
- The model explains observed cosmic-ray composition and spectrum with a supernova rate of about 1%.

## Abstract

Transrelativistic supernovae (SNe), which are likely driven by central engines via jets or winds, have been among candidate sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We investigate acceleration and survival of UHECR nuclei in the external reverse shock scenario. With composition models used in Zhang et al. (2018), we calculate spectra of escaping cosmic rays and secondary neutrinos. If their local rate is $\sim1$% of the core-collapse supernova rate, the observed UHECR spectrum and composition can be explained with the total cosmic-ray energy ${\mathcal E}_{\rm cr}\sim10^{51}$ erg. The maximum energy of UHECR nuclei can reach $\sim 10^{20}-{10}^{21}\rm~eV$. The diffuse flux of source neutrinos is predicted to be $\sim 10^{-11} - 10^{-10}~{\rm GeV}~{\rm cm}^{-2}~{\rm s}^{-1}~{\rm sr}^{-1}$ in the 0.1-1 EeV range, satisfying nucleus-survival bounds. The associated cosmogenic neutrino flux is calculated, and shown to be comparable or even higher than the source neutrino flux. These ultrahigh-energy neutrinos can be detected by ultimate detectors such as the Giant Radio Askaryan Neutrino Detector and Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics.