Two simple textures of the magic neutrino mass matrix
Kanwaljeet S. Channey, Sanjeev Kumar

TL;DR
This paper introduces two simple modifications to the tri-bimaximal neutrino mixing matrix by breaking its mu-tau symmetry with a complex magic matrix, exploring their phenomenological consequences.
Contribution
It proposes two new textures of the neutrino mass matrix that incorporate a complex magic matrix to break mu-tau symmetry in TBM mixing.
Findings
Two viable neutrino mass matrix textures identified
Predictions for neutrino mixing angles and CP violation
Implications for neutrino mass hierarchy
Abstract
The Tri-Bimaximal (TBM) mixing predicts a vanishing . This can be attributed to the inherited symmetry of TBM mixing. We break its symmetry by adding a complex magic matrix with one variable to TBM neutrino mass matrix with one vanishing eigenvalue. We present two such textures and study their phenomenological implications.
| Parameters | Allowed 3 range | |
|---|---|---|
| a | [-0.008,0.008] | [-0.008,0.008] |
| d | [0.016,0.034][-0.034,-0.016] | [0.021,0.027] [-0.027,-0.021] |
| z | [0.009,0.013] | [0.009,0.013] |
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Two simple textures of the magic neutrino mass matrix
Kanwaljeet S. Channey [email protected]
Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
Department of Physics, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India.
Sanjeev [email protected]
Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
Abstract
The Tri-Bimaximal (TBM) mixing predicts a vanishing . This can be attributed to the inherited symmetry of TBM mixing. We break its symmetry by adding a complex magic matrix with one variable to TBM neutrino mass matrix with one vanishing eigenvalue. We present two such textures and study their phenomenological implications.
In the Standard Model of electroweak and strong interactions, neutrino flavor states are the states which form weak doublets with the corresponding charged lepton states :
[TABLE]
These neutrino states are the coherent combinations of the neutrino mass states which are also the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian in vacuum. Neutrino flavor and mass states are related by the relation
[TABLE]
where is the unitary matrix called Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing matrix. By convention, PMNS mixing matrix is defined as
[TABLE]
where , and is the Dirac type CP violating phase.
In the flavor basis, where lepton mass matrix is diagonal, the neutrino mass matrix is related with the unitary mixing matrix and the complex neutrino masses by the relation
[TABLE]
where and are the Majorana phases. While analyzing the experimental results on neutrino mixing and mass matrices, we can often look for some particular features like equalities [1, 2], zeros [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], hybrids of zeros and equalities [13, 14, 15, 16, 17], zero trace [18], or some other pattern [19, 20, 21, 22] in their elements.
Harrison, Perkins and Scott proposed one such type of mixing matrix [23] which had trimaximally mixed and bimaximally mixed. Hence, they named it Tri-Bimaximal (TBM) mixing. The TBM mixing matrix is
[TABLE]
The mass matrix corresponding to can be written by using Eq. (4)
[TABLE]
TBM mixing matrix predicts , and . Mixing angles and are in agreement at 3 with their experimental values, and , provided by the latest global fit of the neutrino experimental data [24].
Another parametrization of the mixing matrix was given in Ref. [25]. In this parametrization, the mixing matrix was expressed as expansion in powers of the deviations of reactor, solar and atmospheric mixing angles from their TBM value . Let and are the real parameters which give deviations to the reactor, solar and atmospheric mixing angles from their TBM values:
[TABLE]
Since the parameters and are very small, we can expand the mixing matrix about in the powers of and . We present here the mixing matrix to the first order in and
[TABLE]
The mixing angle is non zero as measured by the recent experiments: T2K[26], Daya Bay[27], RENO[28] and DOUBLE CHOOZ[29]. This leads to the realization that although TBM ansatz is ruled out by the experiments, it can still be used as leading order contribution to the neutrino mass matrix. We can add perturbations to so as to generate the non-zero . TBM mass matrix obeys both the magic symmetry and the exchange symmetry. Magic symmetry means sum of the elements of each row and column of mass matrix remains the same, whereas exchange symmetry means that the neutrino mass matrix is invariant under the simultaneous interchange of its second and third (-) indices.
A neutrino mass matrix that is invariant under magic symmetry and exchange symmetry predicts maximal and vanishing . These predictions are very close to the present neutrino oscillation data. This indicates that we can satisfy the present experimental data by introducing small perturbations to the magic mass matrix. Magic symmetry also provides sum rules between the mixing angles due to trimaximal structure of [30] which in return reduces the number of free parameters. These sum rules can be tested at the future neutrino oscillation experiments.
In the present paper, we propose two simple textures of that break the symmetry of TBM neutrino mass matrix but preserve its magic symmetry. These textures can be written as
[TABLE]
The breaking term in these textures is function of only one complex variable . To reduce the number of independent variables, in our study we have considered the with vanishing lowest eigenvalue. This assumption will lead to the condition that in the Eq. 6. Forms of and studied in the present work for normal hierarchy are:
[TABLE]
We then study the phenomenological implications for these textures of neutrino mass matrix.
While perturbing the TBM mass matrix by adding an extra matrix, we can break in such a way that out of the two symmetries that it possesses, we break only one. Since symmetry predicts vanishing , preserving magic symmetry is a feasible choice.
If a transformation of the neutrino fields leaves the neutrino mass matrix unchanged such that
[TABLE]
the transformation is called a symmetry of mass matrix . The transformation matrix can be calculated using the relation, where is the column of matrix corresponding to the symmetry . The transformation matrix corresponding to the magic symmetry is given below
[TABLE]
Therefore, a mass matrix that preserves the magic symmetry will obey the relation . Mixing matrix corresponding to such mass matrices will have their middle column same as that of (trimaximal) and can be described in terms of two independent variables and
[TABLE]
This mixing matrix, has a trimaximally mixed column leading to its nomenclature as trimaximal mixing. One of the general form for can be written as
[TABLE]
This mass matrix can be diagonalized by using the equation
[TABLE]
The rationale of choosing the form of as given in Eq. (15) is that it reduces to (Eq. (6)) for . It is the difference of and that breaks the symmetry of . Therefore, to break exchange symmetry and to generate non-zero , we can allow and to differ by a small amount ().
The diagonal elements of will give us neutrino masses and Majorana phases, whereas the off-diagonal elements, when equated to zero, will give the variables and of in terms of the parameters of . We can calculate the mixing angles in terms of and from the elements of using the relations
[TABLE]
We can calculate the Dirac phase from the Jarlskog rephasing invariant measure of CP violation,
[TABLE]
using the relation,
[TABLE]
Neutrino masses and Majorana phases can be calculated from using the following relations
[TABLE]
[TABLE]
We can write as the sum of and a symmetry breaking term :
[TABLE]
where is also invariant under . Looking at Eq. (14), we observe that we can write as sum of four matrices:
[TABLE]
There are two ways to write as combination of and as shown in Eq. (21). First is by considering ,
[TABLE]
and second is by considering ,
[TABLE]
where is responsible for the breaking of symmetry. The assumption in results in vanishing lowest eigen value of . We made this assumption to reduce the number of free parameters in . This gives us the two textures studied in this paper given in Eq. (10) ( and ).
We can diagonalize these mass matrices by using Eq. (15) and obtain our predictions from Eqs. (16-20). Equating the nondiagonal entry with zero for these textures will give us predictions for the variables and in terms of , , and .
For texture , the nondiagonal entry , and are as follows:
[TABLE]
For texture we obtain the following relations for , and :
[TABLE]
Corresponding mixing angles and Dirac type CP violating phase then can be calculated from these and by using the following relations
[TABLE]
Substituting the values of and in terms of , , and in , and , we can obtain the three neutrino masses (, and ) and the Majorana phases ( and ) using Eqs. (19, 20), where
[TABLE]
and
[TABLE]
Similarly, for texture , we have
[TABLE]
and
[TABLE]
These relations give us the three neutrino masses and two Majorana phases from Eqs. (19, 20).
Current neutrino experiments cannot observe the three neutrino masses directly. - decay experiments [31] are sensitive to the effective neutrino mass given as
[TABLE]
The effective neutrino mass given as
[TABLE]
can be measured in the neutrino-less double -decay experiments [32].
We can obtain the parameters and defined in Eq. (7) in terms of and by comparing the values of mixing angles given in Eq. (32-35) with Eq. (7). These relations are given as follows
[TABLE]
We perform a Monte Carlo analysis for these two textures by generating the variables , , and using uniform random distributions. The parameter space of these variables is restricted by imposing the experimental constraints [33] on , , and at 3 C. L. These ranges are shown in Tab. 1. The allowed parameter space for , , and is displayed in Fig. 1 and the allowed ranges can be read from Tab. 2. The correlation plots between and are presented in Fig. 2 for both the textures. Here, is well within the experimental range at (, shown as horizontal dashed lines) for both the textures. However, for 1 range of , we find that only allowed ranges for are and ruling out . At , for both the textures, should be either or for a maximal . The value of shifts towards or when takes its extreme values around or . This feature is testable at the experiments like NOA [34] and T2K [26]. The degeneracy in the Fig. 2 is because of the contributions of positive and negative values of the parameters and . The allowed values of these parameters can be positive or negative and contribute to the different branches of this figure.
The correlation between the phases and is displayed in Fig. 3 and that between and is shown in Fig. 4. Variation of and with CP violating phase is presented in Fig. 5 and 6 respectively.
From Fig. 5, 6 and 7, it is clear that our predictions for and are very small as compared to the sensitivities of the near future -decay experiments like KATRIN [31, 35], Project 8 [36] and double -decay experiment EXO-200 [37], KamLAND-Zen [38]. If any of these experiments will be successful in measuring the or , our textures will be ruled out. Correlations between the mixing angles for fixed values of (0,45,90,135,180,225,270,315,360) are given in the Fig. 9. Here the plots for are identical. Similarly, the plots for and are same. The solid lines represent the experimental range and dashed lines represents the experimental range.
We have constructed the textures and for normal hierarchy with vanishing lowest eigenvalue of . We can obtain similar textures for neutrino masses with inverted hierarchy which can also be written as . Assuming that has lowest vanishing eigen value, the forms of and for the inverted hierarchy case are as follows:
[TABLE]
However, as shown in the Fig. 8, we find that the experimental ranges for the mixing angle and the ratio cannot be satisfied simultaneously for the inverted hierarchy case. Thus, the corresponding textures with inverted hierarchy are ruled out.
In one of our previous study [39], we had demonstrated the idea that viable textures and of the neutrino mass matrix can be created which are modifications of the mass matrix corresponding to TBM mixing. We did not provide any rationale to these textures. However in the present work, we propose a systematic method to modify the neutrino mass matrix corresponding to the TBM mixing . We modify the by breaking symmetry but preserving the magic symmetry. We generate two such textures and . The texture of our previous study and the texture of our present study are related by exchange symmetry resulting in identical predictions for these textures. The another texture of the previous study did not preserve either symmetry or the magic symmetry. Similarly the texture of our current study is different from any of the previously proposed textures as can be seen by comparing the Fig. 1, 5, 6 and 7 of the present manuscript.
In conclusion, we have investigated two simple textures of the neutrino mass matrix with magic symmetry. These textures can be written as combination of TBM mass matrix with a vanishing eigenvalue and a simple perturbation matrix with one complex parameter preserving the magic symmetry. These textures have four real parameters: , , , and . We find the allowed ranges for these parameters and present the resulting correlations between and . We find that should be around or for maximal mixing for both textures. When is around or , can take values near or . Such correlations are generic features of magic symmetry and are testable at future neutrino experiments like NOA and T2K. Our textures have definite predictions for [31, 35, 36, 40, 41] and [42, 43, 44] which can be tested at -decay and neutrino-less double -decay experiments.
The reference list from the paper itself. Each links out to its DOI / PubMed record.
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