# Onsager symmetries in $U(1)$-invariant clock models

## TL;DR

This paper reveals how Onsager algebra symmetries emerge in certain $U(1)$-invariant clock models, leading to spectral degeneracies, and constructs explicit algebra elements using transfer matrices and Bethe ansatz analysis.

## Contribution

It demonstrates the presence of Onsager algebra symmetry in $U(1)$-invariant clock models and explicitly constructs the algebra elements from transfer matrices.

## Key findings

- Spectral degeneracies with multiplicities $2^N$ are found in these models.
- Degeneracies are explained by exact $n$-string solutions of Bethe equations.
- A family of commuting chiral Hamiltonians interpolates between ferro- and antiferromagnetic regimes.

## Abstract

We show how the Onsager algebra, used in the original solution of the two-dimensional Ising model, arises as an infinite-dimensional symmetry of certain self-dual models that also have a $U(1)$ symmetry. We describe in detail the example of nearest-neighbour $n$-state clock chains whose ${\mathbb Z}_n$ symmetry is enhanced to $U(1)$. As a consequence of the Onsager-algebra symmetry, the spectrum of these models possesses degeneracies with multiplicities $2^N$ for positive integer $N$. We construct the elements of the algebra explicitly from transfer matrices built from non-fundamental representations of the quantum-group algebra $U_q(sl_2)$. We analyse the spectra further by using both the coordinate Bethe ansatz and a functional approach, and show that the degeneracies result from special exact $n$-string solutions of the Bethe equations. We also find a family of commuting chiral Hamiltonians that break the degeneracies and allow an integrable interpolation between ferro- and antiferromagnets.