# On the efficiency of the evaluation of the primary cosmic ray composition using lateral distributions of air shower electromagnetic component

## TL;DR

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of using lateral distribution functions within the air shower universality framework to improve primary cosmic ray composition analysis across a broad energy spectrum.

## Contribution

It introduces a scaling formalism for lateral distributions of electrons and muons, enhancing particle separation and mass composition estimation in cosmic ray air showers.

## Key findings

- Electrons and muons' lateral distributions are well described by one-parametric scaling functions.
- The scaling formalism improves electron/muon separation capabilities.
- The approach is applicable for current and future air shower experiments, aiding data analysis and calibration.

## Abstract

New analysis of lateral distributions (LD) of electrons, muons and charged particles in extensive air showers generated by $10^{15}-10^{19}$ eV cosmic rays has been made with respect to the scaling formalism for LD and air shower universality paradigm. It is found that lateral distributions of electrons and muons, when considered separately, are well described by one-parametric scaling functions, while for the charged particles mixture distributions the scaling description is not accurate in radial distance range where electrons and muons give a comparable contribution to the local particle densities. The use of scaling formalism enables enhancing the electron/muon separation capabilities and, when combined with theoretically motivated air shower universality concept, provides robust mass composition estimates. The proposed approach could be implemented for the present and future (multi-) hybrid air shower observations, especially in realizing the potential of Auger and Telescope Array observatories upgrades, as well as for re-analysis and cross-calibration of the data collected from different air shower arrays in a broad primary energy range.