# Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping via Balanced Spanning Forests

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel graph-based approach for 2D phase unwrapping using balanced spanning forests, employing heuristics and optimization algorithms to approximate solutions for a challenging L0-norm minimization problem.

## Contribution

It proposes a new approximate model for 2D L0-norm phase unwrapping and develops algorithms to find exact or heuristic solutions, advancing the state of the art.

## Key findings

- Effective heuristics and algorithms for phase unwrapping
- Closer to optimal solutions for 2D L0-norm problem
- Improved computational efficiency in phase unwrapping

## Abstract

Phase unwrapping is the process of recovering a continuous phase signal from an original signal wrapped in the ($-\pi$,$\pi$] interval. It is a critical step of coherent signal processing, with applications such as synthetic aperture radar, acoustic imaging, magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography, and seismic processing. In the field of computational optics, this problem is classically treated as a norm-minimization problem, in which one seeks to minimize the differences between the gradients of the original wrapped signal and those of the continuous unwrapped signal. When the L0-norm is considered, the number of differences should be minimized, leading to a difficult combinatorial optimization problem. We propose an approximate model for the L0-norm phase unwrapping problem in 2D, in which the singularities of the wrapped phase image are associated with a graph where the vertices have $-1$ or $+1$ polarities. The objective is to find a minimum-cost balanced spanning forest where the sum of the polarities is equal to zero in each tree. We introduce a set of primal and dual heuristics, a branch-and-cut algorithm, and a hybrid metaheuristic to efficiently find exact or heuristic solutions. These approaches move us one step closer to optimal solutions for 2D L0-norm phase unwrapping; such solutions were previously viewed, in the signal processing literature, as highly desirable but not achievable.