# Characterizing the Gravitational Wave Signal from Core-Collapse Supernovae

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes gravitational wave signals from eight 3D core-collapse supernova simulations, revealing how oscillation modes and shock instabilities encode information about the protoneutron star's properties and turbulent energy.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into the gravitational wave signatures of supernovae, linking frequency evolution to physical properties and identifying the role of turbulence.

## Key findings

- GW signal dominated by $f$- and $g$-mode oscillations
- Frequency evolution encodes protoneutron star contraction rate
- Energy radiated correlates with turbulent energy accreted

## Abstract

We study the gravitational wave signal from eight new 3D core-collapse supernova simulations. We show that the signal is dominated by $f$- and $g$-mode oscillations of the protoneutron star and its frequency evolution encodes the contraction rate of the latter, which, in turn, is known to depend on the star's mass, on the equation of state, and on transport properties in warm nuclear matter. A lower-frequency component of the signal, associated with the standing accretion shock instability, is found in only one of our models. Finally, we show that the energy radiated in gravitational waves is proportional to the amount of turbulent energy accreted by the protoneutron star.