# Contact transience during slow loading of dense granular materials

## TL;DR

This paper uses DEM simulations to analyze irregular and transient contact motions in dense granular materials during slow loading, revealing complex behaviors and the fleeting nature of force chains.

## Contribution

It provides detailed insights into the irregular contact transience and motion complexities in dense granular assemblies under quasi-static deformation.

## Key findings

- Particle center motions diverge from affine displacement
- Sphere-cluster particles exhibit more regular motions
- Force chains are transient and short-lived

## Abstract

The irregularity of particle motions during quasi-static deformation is investigated using discrete element (DEM) simulations of sphere and sphere-cluster assemblies. A total of three types of interparticle movements are analyzed: relative motions of particle centers, relative motions of material points of two particles at their contact, and the traversal of contacts across the surfaces of particles. Motions are a complex combination of rolling, sliding, and elastic distortion at the contacts, and all motions are highly irregular and variant, qualities that increase with increasing strain. The relative motions of particle centers diverge greatly from those of an affine displacement of the particles. The motions of the nonconvex sphere-cluster particles were more regular that those of the spheres. The paper also investigates the effect of the distance between two remote particles and their pair-wise relative displacements. Even for particle pairs separated by more than six intermediate particles, the relative motions do not conform with the mean deformation (affine) field. Force chains are shown to be transient features, which survive only briefly across elapsed strains.