# 3D Radiation hydrodynamics of a dynamical torus

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new 3D radiation hydrodynamics model of AGN tori, exploring radiatively-driven outflows and their observational signatures, with implications for interpreting infrared and line emission data.

## Contribution

Introduces a novel 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulation of AGN tori focusing on radiative effects and outflow structures, highlighting the importance of radiation anisotropy.

## Key findings

- Simulated disk and outflow structures align qualitatively with observations.
- Outflows are radial rather than polar, likely due to missing hot dust radiation pressure.
- Identifies temperature cut-offs that produce observable kinematic signatures.

## Abstract

We have developed a new dynamical model of the torus region in active galactic nucleus (AGN), using a three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics algorithm. These new simulations have the specific aim to explore the role of radiatively-driven outflows, which is hotly debated in current literature as a possible explanation for the observed infrared emission from the polar regions of AGN. In this first paper, we only consider radiative effects induced by the primary radiation from the AGN. The simulations generate a disk & outflow structure that qualitatively agrees with observations, although the outflow is radial rather than polar, likely due to the lack of radiation pressure from hot dust. We find cut-offs between the wind and disk at gas temperatures of 1000 K and dust temperatures of 100 K, producing kinematic signatures that can be used for interpretation of high resolution infrared observations. We also produce line emission maps to aid in the interpretation of recent ALMA observations and future JWST observations. We investigate a number of simulation parameters, and find that the anisotropy of the radiation field is equally important to the Eddington factor, despite the anisotropy often being assumed to have a single sometimes arbitrary form in many previous works. We also find that supernovae can have a small but significant impact, but only at extremely high star formation rates.