# Measured Channel Hardening in an Indoor Multiband Scenario

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how large-scale antenna systems improve signal stability in indoor environments across multiple frequency bands by analyzing channel hardening effects through extensive measurements.

## Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive measurement-based analysis of channel hardening across four different frequency bands in an indoor setting with a 64-element antenna array.

## Key findings

- Channel hardening reduces rms delay spread from over 100 ns to below 35 ns.
- Channel power variation significantly decreases with more antennas.
- Consistent channel hardening behavior observed across all frequency bands.

## Abstract

A study of channel hardening in a large-scale antenna system has been carried out by means of indoor channel measurements over four frequency bands, namely 1.472 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 3.82 GHz and 4.16 GHz. NTNU's Reconfigurable Radio Network Platform has been used to record the channel estimates for 40 single user non-line of sight radio links to a 64 element wide-band antenna array. By examining the rms delay spread and the ratio of the normalized subcarrier to average SISO link power of the radio channel received by a single user after combination, the hardening of this equivalent channel is analyzed for various numbers of nodes. The channel hardening merits show consistent behaviour throughout the frequency bands. By combining 16 antennas the rms delay spread of the equivalent channel is reduced from above 100 ns to below 35 ns with significantly reduced variation in the channel power.