# Exploring the origins of a new, apparently metal-free gas cloud at z = 4.4

## TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a nearly metal-free gas cloud at high redshift, providing insights into early universe conditions and the origins of primordial gas in the intergalactic medium.

## Contribution

It presents the third known high-resolution spectrum of a nearly metal-free Lyman-limit system at z=4.4, with implications for understanding early universe gas accretion and enrichment.

## Key findings

- Metallicity upper limit: log(Z/Z_sun) < -4.14
- Possible origins include cold gas streams or pristine intergalactic medium
- Supports simulations of early universe gas accretion and low-metallicity environments

## Abstract

We report the discovery and analysis of only the third Lyman-limit system in which a high-quality resolution, echelle spectrum reveals no metal absorption lines, implying a metallicity $\lesssim$1/10000 solar. Our HIRES spectrum of the background quasar, PSS1723$+$2243, provides a neutral hydrogen column density range for LLS1723 of $N_\textrm{HI}=10^{\text{17.9--18.3}}$ cm$^{-2}$ at redshift $z_\textrm{abs}\approx4.391$. The lower bound on this range, and the lack of detectable absorption from the strongest low-ionisation metal lines, are combined in photoionisation models to infer a robust, conservative upper limit on the metallicity: $\log(Z/Z_\odot)<-4.14$ at 95% confidence. Such a low metallicity raises the question of LLS1723's origin and enrichment history. Previous simulations of the circumgalactic medium imply that LLS1723 is a natural candidate for a cold gas stream accreting towards a galaxy. Alternatively, LLS1723 may represent a high-density portion of the intergalactic medium containing either pristine gas -- unpolluted by stellar debris for 1.4 Gyr after the Big Bang -- or the remnants of low-energy supernovae from (likely low-mass) Population III stars. Evidence for the circumgalactic scenario could be obtained by mapping the environment around LLS1723 with optical integral-field spectroscopy. The intergalactic possibilities highlight the need for -- and opportunity to test -- simulations of the frequency with which such high-density, very low-metallicity systems arise in the intergalactic medium.