# Space weathering of the Moon from in situ detection

## TL;DR

This study uses in situ measurements from China's Chang'E-3 rover to analyze lunar space weathering effects, revealing that the uppermost regolith is more weathered and affects spectral observations, with implications for remote sensing interpretation.

## Contribution

First in situ analysis of lunar space weathering effects on the uppermost regolith, highlighting biases in returned samples and spectral alterations due to weathering.

## Key findings

- Uppermost regolith is more weathered than subsurface layers.
- Space weathering darkens and attenuates spectral features.
- Spectral slope changes are wavelength-dependent.

## Abstract

Space weathering is an important surface process occurring on the Moon and other airless bodies, especially those that have no magnetic field. The optical effects of the Moon's space weathering have been largely investigated in the laboratory for lunar samples and lunar analogues. However, duplication of the pristine regolith on Earth is not possible. Here we report the space weathering from the unique perspective of the Chang'E-3's (CE-3) "Yutu" rover, building on our previous work (Wang et al. 2017; Wu and Hapke 2018). Measurement of the visually undisturbed uppermost regolith as well as locations that have been affected by rocket exhaust from the spacecraft by the Visible-Near Infrared Spectrometer (VNIS) revealed that the returned samples bring a biased information about the pristine lunar regolith. The uppermost surficial regolith is much more weathered than the regolith immediately below, and the finest fraction is rich in space weathered products. These materials are very dark and attenuated throughout the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths, hence reduce the reflectance and mask the absorption features. The effects on the spectral slope caused by space weathering are wavelength-dependent: the visible and near-infrared continuum slope (VNCS) increases while the visible slope (VS) decreases. In the visible wavelength, the optical effects of space weathering and TiO2 are identical: both reduce albedo and blue the spectra. This suggests that developing new TiO2 abundance algorithm is needed. Optical maturity indices are composition related and hence only locally meaningful. Since optical remote sensing can only sense the uppermost few microns of regolith and since this surface tends to be very weathered, the interpretation of surface composition using optical remote sensing data needs to be carefully evaluated. Sampling the uppermost surface is suggested.