# Superluminous Supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey

## TL;DR

This paper presents a large, high-redshift sample of superluminous supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey, analyzing their light curves, testing models, and exploring early peaks to understand their diversity and underlying physics.

## Contribution

It provides the largest homogeneous high-redshift SLSN-I sample, analyzes their light curves with Gaussian Processes, and evaluates magnetar and shock breakout models against observed features.

## Key findings

- The magnetar model alone cannot explain many bolometric light curves.
- Some SLSNe show initial peaks consistent with shock breakout, but not all.
- A red pre-peak feature was observed in one SLSN, similar to SN2018bsz.

## Abstract

We present a sample of 21 hydrogen-free superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I), and one hydrogen-rich SLSN (SLSN-II) detected during the five-year Dark Energy Survey (DES). These SNe, located in the redshift range 0.220<z<1.998, represent the largest homogeneously-selected sample of SLSN events at high redshift. We present the observed g,r, i, z light curves for these SNe, which we interpolate using Gaussian Processes. The resulting light curves are analysed to determine the luminosity function of SLSN-I, and their evolutionary timescales. The DES SLSN-I sample significantly broadens the distribution of SLSN-I light curve properties when combined with existing samples from the literature. We fit a magnetar model to our SLSNe, and find that this model alone is unable to replicate the behaviour of many of the bolometric light curves. We search the DES SLSN-I light curves for the presence of initial peaks prior to the main light-curve peak. Using a shock breakout model, our Monte Carlo search finds that 3 of our 14 events with pre-max data display such initial peaks. However, 10 events show no evidence for such peaks, in some cases down to an absolute magnitude of <-16, suggesting that such features are not ubiquitous to all SLSN-I events. We also identify a red pre-peak feature within the light curve of one SLSN, which is comparable to that observed within SN2018bsz.