# Towards emulating cosmic shear data: Revisiting the calibration of the shear measurements for the Kilo-Degree Survey

## TL;DR

This paper develops a realistic simulation framework for calibrating cosmic shear measurements, emphasizing the importance of including galaxy property correlations and redshift dependence to achieve accurate shear bias calibration for future surveys.

## Contribution

It introduces a calibration framework using realistic image simulations that incorporate galaxy morphology, size, and redshift correlations, improving shear measurement accuracy.

## Key findings

- Lensfit shear measurements are robust within 2% bias tolerance.
- Calibration must account for redshift-dependent galaxy property distributions.
- Simulating multi-band observations is crucial for future photometric redshift calibration.

## Abstract

Exploiting the full statistical power of future cosmic shear surveys will necessitate improvements to the accuracy with which the gravitational lensing signal is measured. We present a framework for calibrating shear with image simulations that demonstrates the importance of including realistic correlations between galaxy morphology, size and more importantly, photometric redshifts. This realism is essential so that selection and shape measurement biases can be calibrated accurately for a tomographic cosmic shear analysis. We emulate Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) observations of the COSMOS field using morphological information from {\it Hubble} Space Telescope imaging, faithfully reproducing the measured galaxy properties from KiDS observations of the same field. We calibrate our shear measurements from lensfit, and find through a range of sensitivity tests that lensfit is robust and unbiased within the allowed 2 per cent tolerance of our study. Our results show that the calibration has to be performed by selecting the tomographic samples in the simulations, consistent with the actual cosmic shear analysis, because the joint distributions of galaxy properties are found to vary with redshift. Ignoring this redshift variation could result in misestimating the shear bias by an amount that exceeds the allowed tolerance. To improve the calibration for future cosmic shear analyses, it will be essential to also correctly account for the measurement of photometric redshifts, which requires simulating multi-band observations.