# Symmetric Decomposition of the Associated Graded Algebra of an Artinian Gorenstein Algebra

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the symmetric subquotient decomposition of associated graded algebras of Artinian Gorenstein algebras, exploring the structure of their Hilbert functions and providing new examples and insights into their algebraic properties.

## Contribution

It introduces a systematic construction of AG algebras with specific symmetric Hilbert function decompositions and analyzes conditions for non-zero summands, especially with linear dual generators.

## Key findings

- Constructed examples with interior zeroes in Hilbert function summands
- Determined conditions for non-zero summands with linear dual generators
- Provided a normal form for Macaulay dual generators without exotic summands

## Abstract

We study the symmetric subquotient decomposition of the associated graded algebras $A^*$ of a non-homogeneous commutative Artinian Gorenstein (AG) algebra $A$. This decomposition arises from the stratification of $A^*$ by a sequence of ideals $A^*=C_A(0)\supset C_A(1)\supset\cdots$ whose successive quotients $Q(a)=C(a)/C(a+1)$ are reflexive $A^*$ modules. These were introduced by the first author, and have been used more recently by several groups, especially those interested in short Gorenstein algebras, and in the scheme length (cactus rank) of forms. For us a Gorenstein sequence is an integer sequence $H$ occurring as the Hilbert function for an AG algebra $A$, that is not necessarily homogeneous. Such a Hilbert function $H(A)$ is the sum of symmetric non-negative sequences $H_A(a)=H(Q_A(a))$, each having center of symmetry $(j-a)/2$ where $j$ is the socle degree of $A$: we call these the symmetry conditions, and the decomposition $\mathcal{D}(A)=(H_A(0),H_A(1),\ldots)$ the symmetric decomposition of $H(A)$. We here study which sequences may occur as the summands $H_A(a)$: in particular we construct in a systematic way examples of AG algebras $A$ for which $H_A(a)$ can have interior zeroes, as $H_A(a)=(0,s,0,\ldots,0,s,0)$. We also study the symmetric decomposition sets $\mathcal{D}(A)$, and in particular determine which sequences $H_A(a)$ can be non-zero when the dual generator is linear in a subset of the variables. Several groups have studied "exotic summands" of the Macaulay dual generator $F$. Studying these, we recall a normal form for the Macaulay dual generator of an AG algebra that has no "exotic" summands. We apply this to Gorenstein algebras that are connected sums. We give throughout many examples and counterexamples, and conclude with some open questions about symmetric decomposition.