# Positive and Negative Photospheric Fields in Solar Cycles 21 - 24

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the distribution and imbalance of positive and negative photospheric magnetic fields over solar cycles 21-24, revealing cyclic polarity changes linked to the Sun's dipole and quadrupole moments.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of magnetic field polarity imbalances across different latitudes and their connection to solar cycle magnetic moments, emphasizing the role of weak and average fields.

## Key findings

- Magnetic field distributions change with a 22-year cycle.
- Polarity imbalance correlates with the dipole moment $g_{10}$.
- Imbalance in sunspot zones relates to the quadrupole moment $g_{20}$.

## Abstract

Distribution of the positive and negative photospheric fields is studied on the base of synoptic maps of the photospheric magnetic field produced by the National Solar Observatory Kitt Peak (NSO Kitt Peak) for 1976-2016. In the analysis only the sign of the field irrespective of its strength is taken into account, emphasizing the role of the fields with average and weak strengths. Time changes in the positive and negative magnetic fields for two hemispheres, for the high latitudes and for the sunspot zone as well as their imbalances are considered. Distributions of fields of opposite polarities, which are defined mostly by the fields of the high latitudes, change with a 22-year cycle. The polarity imbalance in each hemisphere is closely connected with the dipole moment $g_{10}$. The imbalance of high latitudes for two hemispheres changes with the 22-year period and coincides with the sign of both the polar field in the southern hemisphere, and the quadrupole moment $g_{20}$. For the magnetic fields of the sunspot zone during ~75% of time a connection of the magnetic field imbalance with the quadrupole moment taken with the reversed sign $- g_{20}$ and with the sign of the polar field in the northern hemisphere is observed. The received results testify to cyclic changes in the polarity imbalance.