# ICSREF: A Framework for Automated Reverse Engineering of Industrial Control Systems Binaries

## TL;DR

This paper introduces ICSREF, an automated framework for reverse engineering industrial control system binaries, enabling both forensic analysis and potential malicious payload generation, by addressing proprietary compiler challenges.

## Contribution

The paper presents a structured methodology and a modular framework, ICSREF, for automating ICS binary reverse engineering tailored to domain-specific characteristics.

## Key findings

- ICSREF successfully reverse engineers diverse PLC binaries.
- ICSREF can generate attack payloads autonomously.
- Framework handles binaries from various industry sectors.

## Abstract

The security of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) has been attracting increased attention over the past years, following the discovery of real threats targeting industrial environments. Despite this attention, automation of the reverse engineering process of ICS binaries for programmable logic controllers remains an open problem, mainly due to the use of proprietary compilers by ICS vendors. Such automation could be a double-edged sword; on the one hand it could accelerate digital forensic investigations and incident response actions, while on the other hand it could enable dynamic generation of malicious ICS payloads. In this work, we propose a structured methodology that automates the reverse engineering process for ICS binaries taking into account their unique domain-specific characteristics. We apply this methodology to develop the modular Industrial Control Systems Reverse Engineering Framework (ICSREF), and instantiate ICSREF modules for reversing binaries compiled with CODESYS, a widely used software stack and compiler for PLCs. To evaluate our framework we create a database of samples by collecting real PLC binaries from public code repositories, as well as developing binaries in-house. Our results demonstrate that ICSREF can successfully handle diverse PLC binaries from varied industry sectors, irrespective of the programming language used. Furthermore, we deploy ICSREF on a commercial smartphone which orchestrates and launches a completely automated process-aware attack against a chemical process testbed. This example of dynamic payload generation showcases how ICSREF can enable sophisticated attacks without any prior knowledge.