# Massive MU-MIMO-OFDM Uplink with Hardware Impairments: Modeling and Analysis

## TL;DR

This paper models and analyzes the effects of hardware impairments at the base station in massive MU-MIMO-OFDM uplink systems, providing a comprehensive understanding of how nonlinearities and imperfections affect system performance.

## Contribution

It introduces a composite hardware impairment model using Bussgang's theorem that accounts for various nonidealities and their correlations in massive MU-MIMO-OFDM uplink systems.

## Key findings

- Hardware impairments significantly impact system performance.
- The composite model accurately predicts distortion effects.
- Implications for system design and impairment mitigation.

## Abstract

We study the impact of hardware impairments at the base station (BS) of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based massive multiuser (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink system. We leverage Bussgang's theorem to develop accurate models for the distortions caused by nonlinear low-noise amplifiers, local oscillators with phase noise, and oversampling finite-resolution analog-to-digital converters. By combining the individual effects of these hardware models, we obtain a composite model for the BS-side distortion caused by nonideal hardware that takes into account its inherent correlation in time, frequency, and across antennas. We use this composite model to analyze the impact of BS-side hardware impairments on the performance of realistic massive MU-MIMO-OFDM uplink systems.