# Measuring ISW with next-generation radio surveys

## TL;DR

This paper evaluates the potential of next-generation radio surveys, especially SKA, to detect the late-time ISW effect through cross-correlation with large-scale structure, emphasizing the importance of detailed modeling for accurate results.

## Contribution

It provides detailed forecasts for ISW detection using SKA and other radio surveys, incorporating full relativistic effects and cross-bin correlations for improved accuracy.

## Key findings

- SKA Phase 1 can achieve ~5σ detection with tomography.
- SKA Phase 2 can reach ~6σ detection with galaxy and continuum surveys.
- Including all relativistic effects and cross-correlations is crucial for unbiased ISW signal estimation.

## Abstract

The late-time integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) signal in the CMB temperature anisotropies is an important probe of dark energy when it can be detected by cross-correlation with large-scale structure surveys. Because of their huge sky area, surveys in the radio are well-suited to ISW detection. We show that 21cm intensity mapping and radio continuum surveys with the SKA in Phase~1 promise a $\sim5\sigma$ detection if we use tomography, with a similar forecast for the precursor EMU survey. In SKA Phase~2, the 21cm galaxy redshift survey and the continuum survey could deliver a $\sim6\sigma$ detection. Our analysis of the radio surveys aims for theoretical accuracy on large scales. Firstly, we include all the effects on the radio surveys from observing on the past lightcone: redshift-space distortions and lensing magnification can have a significant impact on the ISW signal to noise ratio, while Doppler and other relativistic distortions are not significant. Secondly, we use the full information in the observable galaxy angular power spectra $C_\ell(z,z')$, by avoiding the Limber approximation and by including all cross-correlations between redshift bins in the covariance. Without these cross-bin correlations, the ISW signal to noise ratio is biased.