A nearly optimal algorithm to decompose binary forms

TL;DR

This paper presents a superfast, nearly optimal algorithm for decomposing binary forms, significantly improving computational efficiency over previous methods with quadratic complexity bounds.

Contribution

The authors introduce a deterministic, structured linear algebra-based algorithm for binary form decomposition with a nearly linear complexity, including randomized and approximation variants.

Findings

Achieves $O(M(D) log(D))$ arithmetic complexity for symbolic decomposition.

Provides a Monte Carlo and Las Vegas version of the algorithm.

Bounds the algebraic degree of the decomposition problem.

Abstract

Symmetric tensor decomposition is an important problem with applications in several areas for example signal processing, statistics, data analysis and computational neuroscience. It is equivalent to Waring's problem for homogeneous polynomials, that is to write a homogeneous polynomial in n variables of degree D as a sum of D-th powers of linear forms, using the minimal number of summands. This minimal number is called the rank of the polynomial/tensor. We focus on decomposing binary forms, a problem that corresponds to the decomposition of symmetric tensors of dimension 2 and order D. Under this formulation, the problem finds its roots in invariant theory where the decompositions are known as canonical forms. In this context many different algorithms were proposed. We introduce a superfast algorithm that improves the previous approaches with results from structured linear algebra. It achieves a softly linear arithmetic complexity bound. To the best of our knowledge, the previously known algorithms have at least quadratic complexity bounds. Our algorithm computes a symbolic decomposition in $O(M(D) log(D))$ arithmetic operations, where $M(D)$ is the complexity of multiplying two polynomials of degree D. It is deterministic when the decomposition is unique. When the decomposition is not unique, our algorithm is randomized. We present a Monte Carlo version of it and we show how to modify it to a Las Vegas one, within the same complexity. From the symbolic decomposition, we approximate the terms of the decomposition with an error of $2^{--$\epsilon$}$ , in $O(D log^2(D) (log^2(D) + log($\epsilon$)))$ arithmetic operations. We use results from Kaltofen and Yagati (1989) to bound the size of the representation of the coefficients involved in the decomposition and we bound the algebraic degree of the problem by min(rank, D -- rank + 1). We show that this bound can be tight. When the input polynomial has integer coefficients, our algorithm performs, up to poly-logarithmic factors, $O\_{bit} (D{\ell} + D^4 + D^3 $\tau$)$ bit operations, where $$\tau$$ is the maximum bitsize of the coefficients and $2^{--{\ell}}$ is the relative error of the terms in the decomposition.