On the drag of freely falling non-spherical particles

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new model for predicting the drag coefficient of non-spherical particles in gases and liquids, based on experimental data and shape descriptors, achieving higher accuracy than existing models.

Contribution

The paper develops a novel correlation using easy-to-measure shape descriptors, improving drag coefficient predictions for non-spherical particles across various conditions.

Findings

New correlation reduces prediction error to ~10%.

Irregular particles tend to orient with maximum projection in dense liquids.

Surface roughness has less than 10% effect on drag coefficient.

Abstract

We present a new general model for the prediction of the drag coefficient of non-spherical solid particles of regular and irregular shapes falling in gas or liquid valid for sub-critical particle Reynolds numbers (i.e. $Re < 3 \times 10^5$). Results are obtained from experimental measurements on 300 regular and irregular particles in the air and analytical solutions for ellipsoids. Depending on their size, irregular particles are accurately characterized with a 3D laser scanner or SEM micro-CT method. The experiments are carried out in settling columns with height of 0.45 to 3.60m and in a 4m-high vertical wind tunnel. In addition, $881$ additional experimental data points are also considered that are compiled from the literature for particles of regular shapes falling in liquids. New correlation is based on the particle Reynolds number and two new shape descriptors defined as a function of particle flatness, elongation and diameter. New shape descriptors are easy-to-measure and can be more easily characterized than sphericity. The new correlation has an average error of $\sim 10\%$, which is significantly lower than errors associated with existing correlations. Additional aspects of particle sedimentation is also investigated. First, it is found that particles falling in dense liquids, in particular at $Re>1000$, tend to fall with their maximum projection area perpendicular to their falling direction, whereas in gases their orientation is random. Second, effects of small-scale surface vesicularity and roughness on the drag coefficient of non-spherical particles found to be $<10\%$. Finally, the effect of particle orientation on the drag coefficient is discussed and additional correlations are presented to predict the end members of drag coefficient due to change in the particle orientation.