Constraining Compact Object Formation with 2M0521

TL;DR

This paper uses binary population synthesis to analyze the properties and formation of the binary 2M0521, providing insights into black hole formation, binary evolution, and implications for gravitational wave sources, while highlighting the importance of Gaia data.

Contribution

It offers the first detailed population synthesis analysis of 2M0521-like binaries, linking their properties to supernova models and accretion physics, and predicts their prevalence in the Milky Way.

Findings

Approximately 100-1000 CO-GS binaries in the Milky Way are observable by Gaia.

0-12 black hole-GS binaries similar to 2M0521 are expected in the Milky Way.

The component masses depend strongly on the supernova-engine model used.

Abstract

We show that the recently discovered binary 2M05215658+4359220 (2M0521), comprised of a giant star (GS) orbiting a suspected black hole (BH) in a ~80 day orbit, may be instrumental in shedding light on uncertain BH-formation physics and can be a test case for studying wind accretion models. Using binary population synthesis with a realistic prescription for the star formation history and metallicity evolution of the Milky Way, we analyze the evolution of binaries containing compact objects (COs) in orbit around GSs with properties similar to 2M0521. We find ~100-1000 CO-GS binaries in the Milky Way observable by Gaia, and 0-12 BH-GS and 0-1 neutron star-GS binaries in the Milky Way with properties similar to 2M0521. We find that all CO-GSs with Porb<5 yr, including 2M0521, go through a common envelope (CE) and hence form a class of higher mass analogs to white dwarf post-CE binaries. We further show how the component masses of 2M0521-like binaries depend strongly on the supernova-engine model we adopt. Thus, an improved measurement of the orbit of 2M0521, imminent with Gaia's third data release, will strongly constrain its component masses and as a result inform supernova-engine models widely used in binary population synthesis studies. These results have widespread implications for the origins and properties of CO binaries, especially those detectable by LIGO and LISA. Finally, we show that the reported X-ray non-detection of 2M0521 is a challenge for wind accretion theory, making 2M0521-like CO-GS binaries a prime target for further study with accretion models.