The role of host star variability in the detectability of planetary phase curves

TL;DR

This study investigates how host star variability impacts the detection of planetary phase curves, using simulations and Kepler data to determine the observational requirements for accurate amplitude recovery.

Contribution

It quantifies the effect of stellar variability on phase curve detectability and establishes minimum observational thresholds using simulated and real Kepler data.

Findings

Detection accuracy improves with more observed orbits.

Best recovery rates occur for stars with 5500-6000 K temperature.

Single orbit observations are insufficient for reliable detection.

Abstract

Phase curves, or the change in observed illumination of the planet as it orbits around its host star, help us to characterize their atmospheres. However, the variability of the host star can make their detection challenging: the presence of starspots, faculae, flares and rotational effects introduce brightness variations that can hide other flux variations related to the presence of an exoplanet: ellipsoidal variation, Doppler boosting and a combination of reflected light and thermal emission from the planet. Here we present a study to quantify the effect of stellar variability on the detectability of phase curves in the optical. On a first stage, we simulate ideal data, with different white noise levels, and with cadences and total duration matching a quarter of the \textit{Kepler} mission. We perform injection and recovery tests to evaluate the minimum number of planetary orbits that need to be observed in order to determine the amplitude of the phase curve with an accuracy of 15\%. We also evaluate the effect of a simplistic stellar variability signal with low amplitude, to provide strong constraints on the minimum number of orbits needed under these ideal conditions. On a second stage, we apply these methods to data from the quarter Q9 of the \textit{Kepler} mission, known for its low instrumental noises. The injection and recovery tests are performed on a selected sample of the less noisy stars in different effective temperature ranges. Even for the shortest explored planet period of 1 day, we obtain that observing a single orbit of the planet fails to detect accurately more than 90\% of the inserted amplitude. The best recovery rates, close to 48\%, are obtained after 10 orbits of a 1d period planet with the largest explored amplitude of 150 ppm. The temperature range of the host stars providing better recovery ratios is $5500 \text{K}<T_{eff}<6000 \text{K}$. [Abridged]