The variance of the number of sums of two squares in $\mathbb{F}_q[T]$ in short intervals

TL;DR

This paper investigates the variance of the count of integers representable as sums of two squares within short intervals over function fields, establishing connections to harmonic analysis and conjecturing similar behavior over integers.

Contribution

It provides the first resolution of a function field analogue of the variance problem, linking it to z-measures and making conjectures for the integer case based on numerical data.

Findings

Variance of sums of two squares in short intervals is connected to z-measures.

Established a link between divisor functions and harmonic analysis on symmetric groups.

Conjectures for integer case supported by numerical evidence.

Abstract

Consider the number of integers in a short interval that can be represented as a sum of two squares. What is an estimate for the variance of these counts over random short intervals? We resolve a function field variant of this problem in the large $q$ limit, finding a connection to the $z$-measures first investigated in the context of harmonic analysis on the infinite symmetric group. A similar connection to $z$-measures is established for sums over short intervals of the divisor functions $d_z(n)$. We use these results to make conjectures in the setting of the integers which match very well with numerically produced data. Our proofs depend on equidistribution results of N. Katz and W. Sawin.