Impacts of dust feedback on a dust ring induced by a planet in a protoplanetary disk

TL;DR

This study uses hydrodynamic simulations to show how dust feedback influences the formation of broad dust rings in protoplanetary disks, impacting planet formation processes around different star types.

Contribution

It demonstrates the role of dust feedback in forming broad dust rings and links these structures to planet formation, including potential origins of Hot Jupiters and Earth-sized planets.

Findings

Dust feedback can create broad dust rings at the outer edge of planetary gaps.

The minimum planet mass for ring formation aligns with pebble-isolation mass.

Dust rings can facilitate formation of massive cores and Earth-sized planets.

Abstract

When a planet forms a deep gap in a protoplanetary disk, dust grains cannot pass through the gap. As a consequence, the density of the dust grains can increase up to the same level of the density of the gas at the outer edge. The feedback on the gas from the drifting dust grains is not negligible, in such a dusty region. We carried out two-dimensional two-fluid (gas and dust) hydrodynamic simulations. We found that when the radial flow of the dust grains across the gap is halted, a broad ring of the dust grains can be formed because of the dust feedback and the diffusion of the dust grains. The minimum mass of the planet to form the broad dust ring is consistent with the pebble-isolation mass, in the parameter range of our simulations. The broad ring of the dust grains is good environment for the formation of the protoplanetary solid core. If the ring is formed in the disk around the sun-like star at $\sim 2\ \mbox{AU}$, a massive solid core ($\sim 50M_{\oplus}$) can be formed within the ring, which may be connected to the formation of Hot Jupiters holding a massive solid core such as HD 149026b. In the disk of the dwarf star, a number of Earth-sized planets can be formed within the dust ring around $\sim 0.5\ \mbox{AU}$, which potentially explain the planet system made of multiple Earth-sized planets around the dwarf star such as TRAPPIST-1.