Mirach's Goblin: Discovery of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy behind the Andromeda galaxy

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a new dwarf spheroidal galaxy, Donatiello I, behind Andromeda, using amateur and professional telescopes, contributing to the census of low surface brightness galaxies.

Contribution

It presents the first detection of Donatiello I, a quenched dwarf galaxy beyond the Local Group, identified through deep imaging and follow-up observations, expanding knowledge of dwarf galaxy populations.

Findings

Donatiello I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy located about 3.3 Mpc away.

Its properties resemble classical Milky Way dwarf satellites like Draco.

It may be a satellite of NGC 404 or an isolated quenched dwarf behind Andromeda.

Abstract

It is of broad interest for galaxy formation theory to carry out a full inventory of the numbers and properties of dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume, both satellites and isolated ones. Ultra-deep imaging in wide areas of the sky with small amateur telescopes can help to complete the census of these hitherto unknown low surface brightness galaxies, which cannot be detected by the current resolved stellar population and HI surveys. We report the discovery of Donatiello I, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy located one degree from the star Mirach (Beta And) in a deep image taken with an amateur telescope. The color--magnitude diagram obtained from follow-up observations obtained with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (La Palma, Spain) reveals that this system is beyond the Local Group and is mainly composed of old stars. The absence of young stars and HI emission in the ALFALFA survey are typical of quenched dwarf galaxies. Our photometry suggests a distance modulus for this galaxy of (m-M)=27.6 +/- 0.2 (3.3 Mpc), although this distance cannot yet be established securely owing to the crowding effects in our color--magnitude diagram. At this distance, Donatiello I's absolute magnitude (M_v =-8.3), surface brightness (mu_v=26.5 mag arcsec^-2) and stellar content are similar to the "classical" Milky Way companions Draco or Ursa Minor. The projected position and distance of Donatiello I are consistent with being a dwarf satellite of the closest S0-type galaxy NGC 404 ("Mirach's Ghost"). Alternatively, it could be one of the most isolated quenched dwarf galaxies reported so far behind the Andromeda galaxy.