Testing dark matter and geometry sustained circular velocities in the Milky Way with Gaia DR2

TL;DR

This study uses Gaia DR2 data and general relativity to model the Milky Way's rotation curve, showing that a relativistic disk model can explain the flat rotation curve without dark matter.

Contribution

It introduces a relativistic axisymmetric disk model that fits the Milky Way rotation curve as well as dark matter-based models, challenging the necessity of dark matter in explaining galactic rotation.

Findings

Relativistic model fits rotation curve as well as dark matter models.

Geometry of spacetime can mimic dark matter effects.

Supports a baryons-only galaxy model with relativistic geometry.

Abstract

Flat rotation curves in disk galaxies represent the main evidence for large amounts of surrounding dark matter. Despite of the difficulty in identifying the dark matter contribution to the total mass density in our Galaxy, stellar kinematics, as tracer of gravitational potential, is the most reliable observable for gauging different matter components. This work tests the flatness of the MW rotation curve with a simple general relativistic model suitable to represent the geometry of a disk as a stationary axisymmetric dust metric at a sufficiently large distance from a central body. Circular velocities of unprecedented accuracy were derived from the Gaia DR2 data for a carefully selected sample of disk stars. We then fit these velocities to both the classical, i.e. including a dark matter halo, rotation curve model and a relativistic analogue, as derived form the solution of Einstein's equation. The GR-compliant MW rotational curve model results statistically indistinguishable from its state-of-the-art DM analogue. This supports our ansatz that a stationary and axisymmetric galaxy-scale metric could "fill the gap" in a baryons-only Milky Way, suggestive of star orbits dragged along the background geometry. We confirmed that geometry is a manifestation of gravity according to the Einstein theory, in particular the weak gravitational effect due to the off-diagonal term of the metric could mimic for a "DM-like" effect in the observed flatness of the MW rotation curve. In the context of Local Cosmology, our findings are suggestive of a Galaxy phase-space as the exterior gravitational field of a Kerr-like source (inner rotating bulge) without the need of extra-matter.