A quantum network stack and protocols for reliable entanglement-based networks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a layered quantum network stack model and protocols for reliable entanglement distribution, fault tolerance, and dynamic routing, enhancing the robustness and scalability of quantum networks.

Contribution

It presents a hierarchical quantum network stack with new protocols for reliability and dynamic routing, addressing device failures and network scalability.

Findings

Extended intra-network protocols for reliable graph state generation.

Proposed a quantum routing protocol for fault-tolerant entanglement distribution.

Analyzed hierarchical connection strategies to improve network robustness.

Abstract

We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network elements. We construct the quantum network stack in a hierarchical manner comprising several layers, similar to the classical network stack, and identify quantum networking devices operating on each of these layers. The layers responsibilities range from establishing point-to-point connectivity, over intra-network graph state generation, to inter-network routing of entanglement. In addition we propose several protocols operating on these layers. In particular, we extend the existing intra-network protocols for generating arbitrary graph states to ensure reliability inside a quantum network, where here reliability refers to the capability to compensate for devices failures. Furthermore, we propose a routing protocol for quantum routers which enables to generate arbitrary graph states across network boundaries. This protocol, in correspondence with classical routing protocols, can compensate dynamically for failures of routers, or even complete networks, by simply re-routing the given entanglement over alternative paths. We also consider how to connect quantum routers in a hierarchical manner to reduce complexity, as well as reliability issues arising in connecting these quantum networking devices.