Fundamental limits on the losses of phase and amplitude optical actuators

TL;DR

This paper establishes fundamental physical limits on the tradeoff between insertion loss and modulation depth in optical switches, based on Maxwell's equations and material dielectric response, applicable across various optical devices.

Contribution

It derives intrinsic limits on optical switch performance from fundamental physics, connecting dielectric response to achievable modulation and loss tradeoffs.

Findings

Limits are rooted in Maxwell's equations for linear dielectrics.

Filtering, resonance, and critical coupling can help approach these limits.

The limits are applicable to a wide class of optical components.

Abstract

Amplitude and phase are the basic properties of every wave phenomena; as long as optical waves are concerned, the ability to act on these variables is at the root of a wealth of switching devices. To quantify the performance of an optical switching device, an essential aspect is to determine the tradeoff between the insertion loss and the amplitude or phase modulation depth. Here it is shown that every switching optical device is subject to such a tradeoff, intrinsically connected to the dielectric response of the materials employed inside the switching element itself. This limit finds its roots in fundamental physics, as it directly derives from Maxwell's equations for linear dielectrics, and is hence applicable to a wide class of optical components. Furthermore it results that concepts as filtering, resonance and critical coupling could be of advantage in approaching the limit.