Exact solution of a Neumann boundary value problem for the stationary axisymmetric Einstein equations

TL;DR

This paper solves a Neumann boundary value problem for the Ernst equation in stationary axisymmetric spacetimes, deriving explicit metric expressions using integrable systems and Riemann-Hilbert techniques, extending previous Dirichlet boundary solutions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel Neumann boundary condition approach for the Ernst equation and provides explicit solutions via Riemann-Hilbert and theta functions methods.

Findings

Explicit Ernst potential expressed in terms of theta functions.

Derived spacetime metric from the Riemann surface degeneration.

Extended integrable systems techniques to Neumann boundary conditions.

Abstract

For a stationary and axisymmetric spacetime, the vacuum Einstein field equations reduce to a single nonlinear PDE in two dimensions called the Ernst equation. By solving this equation with a {\it Dirichlet} boundary condition imposed along the disk, Neugebauer and Meinel in the 1990s famously derived an explicit expression for the spacetime metric corresponding to the Bardeen-Wagoner uniformly rotating disk of dust. In this paper, we consider a similar boundary value problem for a rotating disk in which a {\it Neumann} boundary condition is imposed along the disk instead of a Dirichlet condition. Using the integrable structure of the Ernst equation, we are able to reduce the problem to a Riemann-Hilbert problem on a genus one Riemann surface. By solving this Riemann-Hilbert problem in terms of theta functions, we obtain an explicit expression for the Ernst potential. Finally, a Riemann surface degeneration argument leads to an expression for the associated spacetime metric.