Average connectivity of minimally 2-connected graphs and average edge-connectivity of minimally 2-edge-connected graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the average connectivity and edge-connectivity of minimally 2-connected and 2-edge-connected graphs, establishing upper bounds and characterizing extremal structures, with implications for graph robustness.

Contribution

It provides tight bounds on average connectivity and edge-connectivity for minimally 2-connected and 2-edge-connected graphs, and characterizes the extremal graphs achieving these bounds.

Findings

Average connectivity and edge-connectivity are less than 9/4 for extremal graphs.

Extremal graphs are constructed from nearly regular bipartite graphs by subdividing edges.

The bounds are asymptotically tight and characterized by specific structural properties.

Abstract

Let $G$ be a (multi)graph of order $n$ and let $u,v$ be vertices of $G$. The maximum number of internally disjoint $u$-$v$ paths in $G$ is denoted by $\kappa_G(u,v)$, and the maximum number of edge-disjoint $u$-$v$ paths in $G$ is denoted by $\lambda_G (u,v)$. The average connectivity of $G$ is defined by $\overline{\kappa}(G)=\sum_{\{u,v\}\subseteq V(G)} \kappa_G(u,v)/\tbinom{n}{2},$ and the average edge-connectivity of $G$ is defined by $\overline{\lambda}(G)=\sum_{\{u,v\}\subseteq V(G)} \lambda_G(u,v)/\tbinom{n}{2}$. A graph $G$ is called ideally connected if $\kappa_G(u,v)=\min\{\mathrm{deg}(u),\mathrm{deg}(v)\}$ for all pairs of vertices $\{u,v\}$ of $G$. We prove that every minimally $2$-connected graph of order $n$ with largest average connectivity is bipartite, with the set of vertices of degree $2$ and the set of vertices of degree at least $3$ being the partite sets. We use this structure to prove that $\overline{\kappa}(G)<\tfrac{9}{4}$ for any minimally $2$-connected graph $G$. This bound is asymptotically tight, and we prove that every extremal graph of order $n$ is obtained from some ideally connected nearly regular graph on roughly $n/4$ vertices and $3n/4$ edges by subdividing every edge. We also prove that $\overline{\lambda}(G)<\tfrac{9}{4}$ for any minimally $2$-edge-connected graph $G$, and provide a similar characterization of the extremal graphs.