An Experimental Evaluation of the Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated Waveform for Active Sonar Systems

TL;DR

This paper experimentally evaluates the GSFM waveform for active sonar, demonstrating its superior spectral efficiency, PAPR, and energy efficiency compared to traditional thumbtack waveforms, with implications for practical sonar system design.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive evaluation of the GSFM waveform, highlighting its advantages in spectral efficiency and energy performance for active sonar applications.

Findings

GSFM has a thumbtack-like Ambiguity Function.

GSFM outperforms other waveforms in spectral efficiency.

GSFM exhibits lower PAPR and higher energy efficiency.

Abstract

This paper experimentally evaluates the Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (GSFM) waveform, a generalization of the Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (SFM) waveform. The Instantaneous Frequency (IF) of the GSFM resembles the time/voltage characteristic of a Linear FM (LFM) chirp waveform. Consequently, the GSFM possesses an Ambiguity Function (AF) that resembles a thumbtack shape. Practical sonar system design must consider two factors beyond the AF. The spectral efficiency (SE), defined as the ratio of energy in an operational frequency band to the total waveform energy, is another important metric for waveform design. The Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) quantifies how close the waveform is to constant amplitude. These measures predict a waveform's energy efficiency and ability to be accurately replicated on practical piezoelectric transducers, which have limits on both their bandwidth and maximum transmit power. This paper explores these design considerations for the GSFM waveform and evaluates its performance against a host of other well established waveforms using simulated and experimental acoustic data. The GSFM possesses superior SE, PAPR, and overall energy efficiency when compared to thumbtack waveforms.