Changing-Look Quasar Candidates: First Results from Follow-up Spectroscopy of Highly Optically Variable Quasars

TL;DR

This study identifies and characterizes changing-look quasars through follow-up spectroscopy, revealing their variability patterns, confirming 17 new CLQs, and suggesting a link to lower Eddington ratios and disk-wind models.

Contribution

First comprehensive spectroscopic follow-up of highly variable quasars across SDSS footprint, discovering new CLQs and analyzing their variability and physical properties.

Findings

Confirmed 17 new CLQs with >20% confirmation rate.

CLQ fraction increases with continuum flux ratio, reaching about 50%.

CLQs tend to have lower Eddington ratios, supporting disk-wind models.

Abstract

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) that show strong rest-frame optical/UV variability in their blue continuum and broad line emission are classified as "changing-look" AGN, or at higher luminosities changing look quasars (CLQs). These surprisingly large and sometimes rapid transitions challenge accepted models of quasar physics and duty cycles, offer several new avenues for study of quasar host galaxies, and open a wider interpretation of the cause of differences between broad and narrow line AGN. To better characterize extreme quasar variability, we present follow-up spectroscopy as part of a comprehensive search for CLQs across the full SDSS footprint using spectroscopically confirmed quasars from the SDSS DR7 catalog. Our primary selection requires large-amplitude (|\Delta g|>1 mag, |\Delta r|>0.5 mag) variability over any of the available time baselines probed by the SDSS and Pan-STARRS 1 surveys. We employ photometry from the Catalina Sky Survey to verify variability behavior in CLQ candidates where available, and confirm CLQs using optical spectroscopy from the William Herschel, MMT, Magellan, and Palomar telescopes. For our adopted S/N threshold on variability of broad H\beta emission, we find 17 new CLQs, yielding a confirmation rate of >~ 20%. These candidates are at lower Eddington ratio relative to the overall quasar population which supports a disk-wind model for the broad line region. Based on our sample, the CLQ fraction increases from 10% to roughly half as the continuum flux ratio between repeat spectra at 3420 Angstroms increases from 1.5 to 6. We release a catalog of over 200 highly variable candidates to facilitate future CLQ searches.