Cross-situational learning of large lexicons with finite memory

TL;DR

This paper investigates how a cross-situational learner with finite memory can still acquire a large lexicon, showing that realistic memory constraints do not prevent successful word learning if certain conditions are met.

Contribution

It introduces a model of cross-situational learning that accounts for memory decay, demonstrating successful lexicon acquisition under realistic memory and exposure conditions.

Findings

Learners can acquire a human-scale lexicon with realistic memory decay rates.

Mutual exclusivity constraints improve learning success under memory limitations.

High referential uncertainty impedes effective word learning.

Abstract

Cross-situational word learning, wherein a learner combines information about possible meanings of a word across multiple exposures, has previously been shown to be a very powerful strategy to acquire a large lexicon in a short time. However, this success may derive from idealizations that are made when modeling the word-learning process. In particular, an earlier model assumed that a learner could perfectly recall all previous instances of a word's use and the inferences that were drawn about its meaning. In this work, we relax this assumption and determine the performance of a model cross-situational learner who forgets word-meaning associations over time. Our main finding is that it is possible for this learner to acquire a human-scale lexicon by adulthood with word-exposure and memory-decay rates that are consistent with empirical research on childhood word learning, as long as the degree of referential uncertainty is not too high or the learner employs a mutual exclusivity constraint. Our findings therefore suggest that successful word learning does not necessarily demand either highly accurate long-term tracking of word and meaning statistics or hypothesis-testing strategies.