A Note on the Nonlinear Attenuation of an Ultrasound Contrast Agent Calculated by Rayleigh-Plesset Equation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the nonlinear attenuation of ultrasound contrast agents using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, revealing that nonlinear oscillations contribute to energy attenuation but are not the sole factor, challenging the linear attenuation theory.

Contribution

It introduces a nonlinear model for UCA energy dissipation and demonstrates that nonlinear oscillations influence attenuation beyond linear theory assumptions.

Findings

Linear oscillation does not always imply linear attenuation.

Nonlinear oscillation contributes to nonlinear attenuation phenomena.

Linear attenuation theory may not fully describe UCA behavior at low pressures.

Abstract

The attenuation of small-amplitude acoustic waves in a suspension containing ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs, coated microbubbles) is determined by the linear oscillation of the UCAs in the medium, which can be estimated via a linear attenuation theory. Recently, several nonlinear phenomena of energy attenuation at very low-intensity of acoustic pressures have been observed experimentally, raising concerns on the validity of the linear attenuation theory. Explanations of the nonlinear phenomenon are still lacking. Particularly, the interpretation of the pressure-dependent attenuation phenomenon is still under debate. In this note, we investigated the energy dissipation of a single UCA via a nonlinear Rayleigh-Plesset equation and used a formula capable of estimating attenuation coefficient due to the nonlinear oscillation of the UCA. The simulation results show the linear oscillation of an UCA at low excitation pressures does not always guarantee the linearity in the energy attenuation. Although nonlinear oscillation of the UCA contributes to the occurrence of nonlinear attenuation phenomena, it is not the only trigger.