From bulk to microphase separation in scalar active matter: A perturbative renormalization group analysis

TL;DR

This paper uses a one-loop renormalization group approach to analyze how activity influences phase separation in scalar active matter, revealing a potential new non-equilibrium universality class for microphase separation.

Contribution

It extends the analysis of active Model B+ beyond mean-field, identifying a new non-equilibrium universality class associated with microphase separation at strong coupling.

Findings

Bulk phase separation belongs to the passive Model B universality class.

Microphase separation involves an unstable non-equilibrium fixed point.

The phase transition to microphase separation likely defines a new universality class.

Abstract

We consider a dynamical field theory (Active Model B+) that minimally extends the equilibrium Model B for diffusive phase separation of a scalar field, by adding leading-order terms that break time-reversal symmetry. It was recently shown that such active terms can cause the bulk phase separation of Model B to be replaced by a steady state of microphase separation at a finite length scale. This phenomenon was understood at mean-field level as due to the activity-induced reversal of the Ostwald ripening mechanism, which provides the kinetic pathway to bulk phase separation in passive fluids. This reversal occurs only in certain ranges for the activity parameters. In this paper we go beyond such a mean-field analysis and develop a $1$-loop Renormalisation Group (RG) approach. We first show that, in the parameter range where bulk phase separation is still present, the critical point belongs formally to the same (Wilson-Fisher) universality class as the passive Model B. In contrast, in a parameter range associated with microphase separation, we find that an unstable non-equilibrium fixed point of the RG flow arises for $d\geq 2$, colliding with the Wilson-Fisher point in $d\to 2^+$ and making it unstable in $d=2$. At large activity, the flow in this region is towards strong coupling. We argue that the phase transition to microphase separation in active systems, in the physically relevant dimensions $d=2$ and $3$, very probably belongs to a new non-equilibrium universality class. Because it is governed by the strong-coupling regime of the RG flow, our perturbative analysis leaves open the quantitative characterization of this new class.