Early seeds of axion miniclusters

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation and properties of axion miniclusters by numerically simulating the evolution of the axion field and topological defects, revealing smaller, moderately overdense miniclusters with complex sub-structures.

Contribution

It presents the largest non-linear simulations of axion field evolution, analyzing axiton formation and small-scale structure relevant for minicluster formation.

Findings

Axitons form at late times and influence density perturbations.

Miniclusters are smaller and less overdense than previously estimated.

The simulations provide detailed density field statistics for minicluster predictions.

Abstract

We study the small scale structure of axion dark matter in the post-inflationary scenario, which predicts the formation of low-mass, high-density clumps of gravitationally bound axions called axion miniclusters. To this end, we follow numerically the cosmological evolution of the axion field and the network of strings and domain walls until the density contrast is frozen. Our simulations, comprising up to $8192^3$ points, are the largest studies of the axion field evolution in the non-linear regime presented so far. Axitons, pseudo-breathers of the Klein-Gordon equation, are observed to form in our simulation at late times. Studying their properties analytically and numerically, we observe that in particular, the earliest axitons contribute to density perturbations at the typical length scale of miniclusters. We analyse the small scale structure of the density field, giving the correlation length, power spectrum and the distribution of high-density regions that will collapse into axion miniclusters. The final density field of our simulations can be used to calculate the minicluster mass fraction in simulations including gravity. In particular, we find that typical minicluster progenitors are smaller than previously thought and only of moderate, $\mathcal{O}(1)$ overdensity. We expect these miniclusters to have a rich sub-structure, emerging from small-scale fluctuations produced in the collapse of the string-wall network and from axitons.