Cooper pairs or Individual electrons? Based on the magnetic flux quantization and the Tc scaling law of superconducting thin films

TL;DR

This paper revisits the fundamental concepts of electron pairing in superconductivity, proposing a new theory based on magnetic flux quantization and the Tc scaling law that challenges the traditional Cooper pair model.

Contribution

It introduces a theory of superconductivity that explains phenomena without requiring Cooper pairs, integrating energy band theory and the Hubbard model.

Findings

Magnetic flux periodicity hc/e and hc/(2e) explained by single-electron circuits.

New interpretation of flux quantization experiments supports the individual electron carrier theory.

Continuous transition among different electronic states explained without Cooper pairing.

Abstract

We look back on the turning point of the concept of individual electron carrier and paired electrons carrier in superconductivity history, look back on the magnetic flux quantization interpretation and experiment, reference the new discovery of new phenomena including the hc/e magnetic flux periodicity and the scaling law of transition temperature of superconducting thin films. The conclusion is: In a circuit including only one electron, the magnetic flux period is hc/e in general, but hc/(2e) in the first step starting with zero flux. Early experiments had not observed hc/e periodicity because multiple electrons do each first step starting with zero flux. According to the new experimental explanation, the theory of individual electron carrier is proposed. It integrates with the energy band theory and the Hubbard model. In the frame of energy band theory and electron correlation, we do not add Cooper pair for the carrier, we can use the energy band theory to explain the phenomenon of superconductivity. It needs the Hubbard model when a superconductor is a Mott insulator. The theory makes the whole image of super-insulators, insulators, semiconductors, conductors, superconductors transition smoothly and continuously. The transition to fractional quantum Holzer effect is continuous and smooth.