Controlled Inertial Cavitation as a Route to High Yield Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Graphene

TL;DR

This paper shows that controlling inertial cavitation during ultrasonication significantly improves the yield and quality of liquid phase exfoliated graphene, enabling more efficient production of 2D nanomaterials.

Contribution

It introduces a method to optimize inertial cavitation in ultrasonication to enhance graphene exfoliation yields without damaging the material.

Findings

Graphene yields up to 18% in three hours without basal plane defects.

Graphene yield and flake size follow a power law with inertial cavitation dose.

Inertial cavitation preferentially exfoliates larger flakes, reducing exfoliation rate over time.

Abstract

Ultrasonication is widely used to exfoliate two dimensional (2D) van der Waals layered materials such as graphene. Its fundamental mechanism, inertial cavitation, is poorly understood and often ignored in ultrasonication strategies resulting in low exfoliation rates, low material yields and wide flake size distributions, making the graphene dispersions produced by ultrasonication less economically viable. Here we report that few-layer graphene yields of up to 18% in three hours without introduction of basal plane defects can be achieved by optimising inertial cavitation during ultrasonication. We demonstrate that the yield and the graphene flake dimensions exhibit a power law relationship with inertial cavitation dose. Furthermore, inertial cavitation is shown to preferentially exfoliate larger graphene flakes which causes the exfoliation rate to decrease as a function of sonication time. This study demonstrates that measurement and control of inertial cavitation is critical in optimising the high yield sonication-assisted aqueous liquid phase exfoliation of size-selected nanomaterials. Future development of this method should lead to the development of high volume flow cell production of 2D van der Waals layered nanomaterials.