Dilepton Radiation in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Small Transverse Momentum

TL;DR

This paper analyzes low transverse momentum dilepton production in heavy-ion collisions, combining thermal radiation and photon fusion processes, and compares the results with experimental data across different collision energies.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive model that includes both thermal and coherent photon contributions, successfully describing experimental dilepton spectra at various energies.

Findings

Photon fusion dominates in peripheral collisions.

Thermal radiation increases with collision centrality.

Model predictions align with STAR and NA60 experimental data.

Abstract

We study the invariant-mass distributions of dileptons produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at very low pair transverse momenta, $P_T\leq 0.15$ GeV. Specifically, we investigate the interplay of thermal radiation with initial photon annihilation processes, $\gamma \gamma \to l^+ l^-$, triggered by the coherent electromagnetic fields of the incoming nuclei. For the thermal radiation, we employ the emission from the QGP and hadronic phases with in-medium vector spectral functions which describes the inclusive excess radiation observed over a wide range of collision energies. For the coherent photon fusion processes, whose spectrum is much softer than for thermal radiation, we employ initial fluxes from the Fourier transform of charge distributions of the colliding nuclei in the equivalent-photon approximation. We first verify that the combination of photon fusion, thermal radiation and final-state hadron decays gives a fair description of the low-$P_T$ dilepton mass spectra as recently measured by the STAR collaboration in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV Au+Au collisions for different centrality classes, including experimental acceptance cuts. The coherent contribution dominates in peripheral collisions, while thermal radiation shows a markedly stronger increase with centrality. We perform similar calculations at lower collision energies ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=17.3 GeV) and compare to the acceptance-corrected dimuon excess spectra measured by the NA60 experiment at the CERN SPS; here, the contribution from photoproduction is subleading. We also provide predictions for the ALICE experiment at the LHC; the pertinent excitation function from SPS to LHC energies reveals a nontrivial interplay of photoproduction and thermal radiation.