Atmospheric mass loss due to giant impacts: the importance of the thermal component for hydrogen-helium envelopes

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that thermal effects from giant impacts can cause significant atmospheric mass loss in close-in super-Earths, often exceeding mechanical shock effects, especially for younger, hotter planets.

Contribution

It introduces the importance of thermal energy conversion during giant impacts as a dominant mechanism for atmospheric loss in hydrogen-helium envelopes, extending previous shock-focused models.

Findings

Thermal expansion can drive sustained atmospheric escape via Parker wind.

Younger and closer-in planets are more vulnerable to impact-induced thermal atmospheric loss.

Complete envelope loss can occur when impactor mass is comparable to the envelope mass.

Abstract

Systems of close-in super-Earths display striking diversity in planetary bulk density and composition. Giant impacts are expected to play a role in the formation of many of these worlds. Previous works, focused on the mechanical shock caused by a giant impact, have shown that these impacts can eject large fractions of the planetary envelope, offering a partial explanation for the observed spread in exoplanet compositions. Here, we examine the thermal consequences of giant impacts, and show that the atmospheric loss caused by these effects can significantly exceed that caused by mechanical shocks for hydrogen-helium (H/He) envelopes. When a giant impact occurs, part of the impact energy is converted into thermal energy, heating the rocky core and the envelope. We find that the ensuing thermal expansion of the envelope can lead to a period of sustained, rapid mass loss through a Parker wind, resulting in the partial or complete erosion of the H/He envelope. The fraction of the envelope lost depends on the planet's orbital distance from its host star and its initial thermal state, and hence age. Planets closer to their host stars are more susceptible to thermal atmospheric loss triggered by impacts than ones on wider orbits. Similarly, younger planets, with rocky cores which are still hot and molten from formation, suffer greater atmospheric loss. This is especially interesting because giant impacts are expected to occur $10{-}100~\mathrm{Myr}$ after formation. For planets where the thermal energy of the core is much greater than the envelope energy, the impactor mass required for significant atmospheric removal is $M_\mathrm{imp} / M_p \sim \mu / \mu_c \sim 0.1$, approximately the ratio of the heat capacities of the envelope and core. When the envelope energy dominates the total energy budget, complete loss can occur when the impactor mass is comparable to the envelope mass.