BPE and computer-extracted parenchymal enhancement for breast cancer risk, response monitoring, and prognosis

TL;DR

This paper discusses how MRI-based analysis of breast tissue enhancement, both visually assessed and computer-extracted, can inform breast cancer risk, treatment response, and prognosis, highlighting recent methods and findings.

Contribution

It introduces and evaluates computer-extracted parenchymal enhancement features from MRI for improved breast cancer risk assessment and prognosis.

Findings

Computer-extracted features correlate with cancer risk.

Enhanced monitoring of treatment response.

Potential for improved personalized diagnosis.

Abstract

Functional behavior of breast cancer - representing underlying biology - can be analyzed using MRI. The most widely used breast MR imaging protocol is dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. The cancer enhances on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging because the contrast agent leaks from the leaky vessels into the interstitial space. The contrast agent subsequently leaks back into the vascular space, creating a washout effect. The normal parenchymal tissue of the breast can also enhance after contrast injection. This enhancement generally increases over time. Typically, a radiologist assesses this background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). According to the BI-RADS, BPE refers to the volume of enhancement and the intensity of enhancement and is divided in four incremental categories: minimal, mild, moderate, and marked. Researchers have developed semi-automatic and automatic methods to extract properties of BPE from MR images. For clarity, in this syllabus the BI-RADS definition will be referred to as BPE, whereas the computer-extracted properties will not. Both BPE and computer-extracted parenchymal enhancement properties have been linked to screening and diagnosis, hormone status and age, risk of development of breast cancer, response monitoring, and prognosis.