Photospheric Radius Evolution of Homologous Explosions

TL;DR

This paper develops a general theory for the evolution of photospheric radius in homologous explosions with constant opacity, providing diagnostic tools to distinguish supernovae from other transients like tidal disruption events.

Contribution

The paper introduces a universal model for photospheric radius evolution in homologous explosions, applicable regardless of density profiles, and links observational signatures to physical properties.

Findings

Photospheric radius always increases early and decreases later in homologous explosions.

The shape of the radius evolution curve depends on the density profile.

Observed supernovae match the predicted rising/falling radius behavior.

Abstract

Recent wide-field surveys discovered new types of peculiar optical transients that showed diverse behaviors of the evolution of photospheric properties. We develop a general theory of homologous explosions with constant opacity, paying special attention on the evolution of the photospheric radius $R_{\rm ph}$. We find that regardless of the density distribution profile, $R_{\rm ph}$ always increases early on and decreases at late times. This result does not depend on the radiation and cooling processes inside the ejecta.The general rising/falling behavior of $R_{\rm ph}$ can be used to quickly diagnose whether the source originates from a supernova-like explosion. The shape of the $R_{\rm ph}$ evolution curve depends on the density profile, so the observations may be used to directly diagnose the density profile as well as the temperature profile of the ejecta. All the well-monitored supernovae show such a $R_{\rm ph}$ rising/falling behavior, which is consistent with our theory. The recently discovered peculiar transient AT2018cow showed a continuous decay of $R_{\rm ph}$, which is disfavored to be of a supernova-like explosion origin. Our result therefore supports the interpretation of this transient as a tidal disruption event.